The Art of Leadership Essay -- Papers Leading Personality Essays Paper

The Art of Leadership What is leadership? Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that give follow. Those that follow will help to complete the mission. Leadership is an immature science and the body of knowledge in the field has developed through a series of fits and starts. Leadership is a soft science, just as anthropology, sociology and psychology. It cannot be proven exactly what it is. Leadership is an art the skillful application of leadership behaviors beyond techniques is a great deal the same as the skillful application of brushstrokes by a master painter. Leadership is both rational and emotional. Some people take several eld and even several classes and still cant quite be a good leader. I even took a test, which more or less(prenominal) states that I need to relax and calm down. The test covers several different beas ranging from personality quirks to communication and even how I prefer to handle conflicts. Introduction This base will be discussing several areas that were examined through the test on leadership and personality that was taken by the author. Some of the major points that will be discussed are how the author rates himself against others on his team or in his group. A couple of other major points that will be touched on are conflict management and communication skills. Also, the author will be covering some of his ideas on leadership and whether or not any one mortal can perfect it. The author has quite a bit of experience in these areas and conveyed some of his ideas in this paper. StrategyLeadership is a social treat shared among all members of a group. Leadership development comes t... ...e people to totally change their way of doing things but if there are some problems, I wish those individuals were able to pull some ideas out of this in the long run. Conclusion While writing this paper I concluded several diffe rent things astir(predicate) leadership. Most people are very mistaken when it comes to the topic of leadership. It is a common belief that everyone has the potential to be a good leader, which is not true. This is proven time and time again by people who try to start their own business and it goes under in one or two geezerhood because they dont know how to get the most out of their employees and keep them happy at the same time. In the end, a leader will forever accomplish the mission and never fail his subordinates.Bibliography1. Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice. Hall, 2000.

Marlows Assessment of Africa in Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Marlows Assessment of Africa in Heart of Darkness Marlows assessment of the African gagaerness in the beginning of the story is like that of something that tempts him and his curse explorers to Africa. When Marlow says, And as I looked at the map of it in a shop-window, it fascinated me as a snake would a darn - silly little bird (Conrad, Longman 2196). If we take note of the phrase silly little bird it may be noted that the Marlow is comparing Britain to that silly little bird. It could be that he felt Britains occupancy of Africa was nothing more than his own country dribleting into a trap. It was not a designed trap but one of destiny. It was his countries destiny to fall prey to the allures of that Dark Continent. Millions would die in the attempt to make monetary gains while occupying Africa. When Marlow mentions the whited sepulcher he could be referring again to his homeland, and when he makes this statement he may be referring to the fact that Britain has sent many of its people to be buried in that deep and mysterious place referred to as the congo. According to YourDictionary .com, the backchat sepulcher means, to bury (YourDicitonary.com). In combination with the word white, referring to his Caucasian race, could Marlow be referring to the finale of his fellow countrymen, or could he be referring to the death of a continent, Africa, at the hands of the white race invading her? These thoughts may both have validity when deciphering this text. When Marlow describes the, Two women, one fat and the other slim, sat on straw-bottomed chairs, knit black wool he may be describing the future of two races combined in utter disarray in Africa. He may be using the black wool as something akin to insight into what future had in store for millions of people both black and white in the Congo (Longman 2197). The black wool may be referring to black shards for covering the dead. It may also be an idea of not human death but the death of an area such as t he Congo. He may have been sensing that the influx of his own countrymen may be taking away the spirit of that wild and forbidden Congo. Marlows utterance of, guarding the door of Darkness, knitting black wool as for a warm pall, one introducing, introducing continuously to the unknown, the other scrutinizing the cherry foolish faces with blithe old eyes could give more clues to Marlows characterization of the African wilderness (Longman 2198).

Material Society, Material Thoughts :: Free Essay Writer

Material Society, Material ThoughtsEver since Midas lust for gold, it appears to be that man has acquired a greed and appetite for wealth. Juana, the Priest, and the doctor have all undergone a change due to money. They be all affected by their hunger for wealth and inturn are the base for their own destruction, and the destruction of society. Steinbecks The Pearl is a study of mans self destruction through greed. Juana, the faithful wife of Kino, a paltry peasant man, had lived a spiritual life for what had seemed like as long as she could remember. When her son Coyito fell ill from the bite of a scorpion, she eagerly turned towards the spiritual aspects of life. graduation exercise to pray for her sons endangered life. The doctor who had resided in the upper-class section of the town, refused to assistant the child, turning them away when they arrived at the door. Lastly they turned to the sea to seek their fortune. When Juana conform sight on the Pearl of The World. she felt as though all her prayers had been answered, if she could have foreseen the future what she would have seen would have been a mirror image of her reality. Juanas save was caught in a twisted realm of mirrors, and they were all shattering one by one. In the night he heard a sound so soft that it might have been simply a thought... and quickly attacked the trespasser. This is where the problems for Juana and her family began. The fear that had mounted in Kinos body had taken control over his actions. Soon charge Juana who had always had faith in her husband, had doubted him greatly. It will destroy us all she yelled as her attempt to rid the family of the pearl had failed. Kino had not listened however, and short Juana began to lose her spiritual side and for a long time she had forgotten her prayers that had at once meant so much to her. She had tried to help Kino in the lead to much trouble had aroused, only to discover that she was not competent enough to help. A hypocrathic oath is said before each medical student is given(p) a Doctors degree. In the oath they swear to aid the ill, and cure the injured. In the village of La Paz there lived a doctor who had earned his wealth by helping those that were ill and could afford his services.

In the Heart of the Sea Essay example -- essays research papers

In the Heart of the SeaWhat caused an 85 ton Sperm whale to crash into the side of the Essex, causing one of the most black-market and tragic accidents in maritime history? Was this a calculated attack? Did it see the whaling ship as an unwanted rival in its territory? Did the mob of the Essex have anything to do with the whales sporadic behavior? Or was this simply an unexplainable act of natures unpredictability?On November 20, 1820 the crew of the Essex spotted an odd parade, an extremely large bull. The men estimated it to be about eighty-five feet long and weigh approximately eighty tons. However it was not only the large sight of the whale that alarmed the men, but it was its strange behavior. Instead of fleeing in panic, it was floating quietly on the surface of the pee, puffin occasionally through its blowhole, as if it were watching them. after spouting two or three times, the whale dove then surfaced about 35 yards from the ship (81). After diving the whale began to d o the wicked it began to charge the Essex, Its twenty foot-wide tail pumped up and down slowly at first, with a slight side to side waggle, it picked up speed until the water crested around its massive barrel shaped head. It was aimed at the Essexs port side (81). Upon noticing that the whale was going to ram into the ship the captain gave the indian lodge to pull the helm hard up to prevent a direct hit however the order was given to late the whale it the shi...

Television and Media Essay - Daytime Talk TV -- Media Argumentative Pe

Daytime Talk Television Daytime talk television is certainly controversial. There are those who remark these types of shows informative and helpful. There are others who view these shows as pointless and inappropriate. I agree with the latter. Daytime talk television is pointless and it presents material that should not protrude on television. I believe that some talk shows need to be removed from the airwaves and not seen again. When looking at daytime talk television, once female genital organ see that there are two main styles, which are apparent when looking at the content and manner at which they are presented. There are show like Ricki Lake, Jenny Jones, and the infamous Jerry Springer who bring nodes out onto the stage and exploit their problems and in no way try to help the guest through whatever is bothering them. These hosts have shows whose topics range from cheating spouses to homosexual crushes. Jenny Jones hosted a show in which a homosexual man co nfessed his interest in a heterosexual man. This turned out to be a homicide case, a couple days after the show. The conflict is rarely resolved and most of the clock the situation is made worse and more complicated, as in the case of the homosexuals murder. These shows simply parade people with little shame for their behavior. These shows are out to be wild and crazy and make money, with no regard for those who help them achieve this. The other talk shows that appear on television, however, tend to be very imperious and are working to some goal. These shows deal with peoples feelings, conflicts and experiences and present them to the audience to help council them or guide them through common struggles that other people are dealing with . Oprah... ...It turns out that Oprah is one of the few positive talk shows on television. I believe that Oprah is trying to make life better for others and so I admire of her work. On the other hand, daytime talk television is only entertainment and a display of dirty values. It should not be allowed to portray several of the radicals that it does. As Merry Thomas states, I would love to see new shows on television which are wholesome and appropriate for viewers of all ages. This is an excellent idea because we can all learn good things from good values. Works Cited Gaines, Donna. How Jenny Jones Saved my Life. The Village Voice 1995. Greene, Leonard. Talk Shows Need to Take Responsibility for Content. The capital of Massachusetts Herald. October 30, 1995. Thomas, Merry. Telephone Interview. 27 Feb. 2002 Thomas, Rhett. Telephone Interview. 27 Feb. 2002

Television and Media Essay - Daytime Talk TV -- Media Argumentative Pe

Daytime Talk Television Daytime talk television is certainly controversial. There argon those who check these types of shows informative and helpful. There are others who view these shows as pointless and inappropriate. I agree with the latter. Daytime talk television is pointless and it presents material that should not front on television. I believe that some talk shows need to be removed from the airwaves and not seen again. When looking at daytime talk television, once cigarette see that there are two main styles, which are apparent when looking at the content and manner at which they are presented. There are show like Ricki Lake, Jenny Jones, and the infamous Jerry Springer who bring nodes out onto the stage and exploit their problems and in no way try to help the guest through whatever is bothering them. These hosts have shows whose topics range from cheating spouses to homosexual crushes. Jenny Jones hosted a show in which a homosexual man confessed his in terest in a heterosexual man. This turned out to be a homicide case, a couple days after the show. The conflict is rarely resolved and most of the multiplication the situation is made worse and more complicated, as in the case of the homosexuals murder. These shows simply parade people with little shame for their behavior. These shows are out to be wild and crazy and make money, with no regard for those who help them achieve this. The other talk shows that appear on television, however, tend to be very positive and are working to some goal. These shows deal with peoples feelings, conflicts and experiences and present them to the audience to help council them or guide them through common struggles that other people are transaction with . Oprah... ...It turns out that Oprah is one of the few positive talk shows on television. I believe that Oprah is trying to make life better for others and so I delight in of her work. On the other hand, daytime talk television is only e ntertainment and a display of dirty values. It should not be allowed to portray several of the caprices that it does. As Merry Thomas states, I would love to see new shows on television which are wholesome and appropriate for viewers of all ages. This is an excellent idea because we can all learn good things from good values. Works Cited Gaines, Donna. How Jenny Jones Saved my Life. The Village Voice 1995. Greene, Leonard. Talk Shows Need to Take Responsibility for Content. The capital of Massachusetts Herald. October 30, 1995. Thomas, Merry. Telephone Interview. 27 Feb. 2002 Thomas, Rhett. Telephone Interview. 27 Feb. 2002

Relationship Between Humans and Objects

CUL341 INDIVIDUAL REPORT Indeed, there is a sizeable relationship between humans and objective lenss in todays society. An object is a tangible something that one can take hold off with their senses. Some objects gift the power to create social relations between humans, for exemplar there is the trident and the wand that changes the image of a person who utilizes the object. Indeed, such are objects that allow the power of symbolism to give meaning to human activity.The trident is one of these objects that have the great power to create social relations. A trident is a long stick usually having a small double-u (w) looking symbol at the top of it. Its a three-pronged spear known for giving social power to a person or vice versa, a powerful person in the society carries it and utilizes it to express their power. Although the object has many different uses such as fishing and in like manner as a weapon, there are some(prenominal) examples in history where it would be carried ju st to symbolize power.In Hinduism, their God Shiva and the Roman God Neptune too are both are known for a trident being clutched to them most of the time. The trident gives a different image of one who carries it it expresses their power to the society. In Roman myth, God Neptune used it to create earthquakes and other natural disasters as it was indeed a powerful object, and hence created social relations between the Gods and their worshippers as it allowed them to see the power it has.Today we obviously dont see powerful spate carrying it around however, it is still seen in animated TV shows and movies to give a meaning to the character. It is seen in the little mermaid where King Triton bears it on him to commence his power to the rest of the creatures of the sea. Also in the Lion King, the monkey who is characterized to be an influential persona popping up when someone needs advice amongst the animal realm bears the trident on him at all times. Thus, again the object is able to create social relations amongst the characters.Another object that was discussed is the wand. The wand is a thin stick do from wood, of even sometimes metal. They are known to give a magical sense to one who bears it. The wand indeed also creates social relations amongst people as when one utilises a wand, he is will be known to be a person who put to deaths magical spells. The wand is used to perform magical spells so therefore, the one who bears it is conveyed by the society to have great power as wands can only be owned and used by a fairy, wizard, witch or a sorcerer.Wands are known to have also created social relations in historical myths and legends. In Roman myths, Mercury also beared a wand that allowed the worshippers to have a powerful posture of Mercury amongst the society. In fairy tales and other science fiction, the magic wand is used to do many powerful acts used for just enough and evil. Evil acts include defeating or transforming people into animals and goo d acts can include used for protection or other useful acts like opening a locked door.Some fairytales in which the wand is used widely is Cinderella where the fairy godmother would have the power to perform good acts such as make Cinderella beautiful and grant her clothes to go to the ball. Furthermore, in todays world we most often exposed to wands and their magic in universal fiction novels and movies/TV shows. A well known novel plus movie is Harry Potter. Harry Potter is a wizard who studies at Hogwarts instill of Witchcraft and Wizardry. His aim in the movie is to defeat his enemy Lord Voldemort who killed his parents.Everything in the fictional movie is pretty done through the power of the wand. The good acts, the bad acts by wizards and witches gives viewers insight to how a single object can create such social relations in a society. Indeed, a single object can have the power to shape ones image of a persona. Indeed, in the modern world, the relationship between objects a nd humans has developed to suffer a great influence on the view one has for another in the society. It is evident that the triton and the wand both are very good examples of such objects enhance their powers to create social relations amongst humanity.A Trident has been used in history and even today in fiction movies to allow a view of a persona to be great and powerful. Similarly, the wand also creates social relations amongst a society where one can be seen as a normal person and just by bearing a wand he will be seen to be a wizard whom can perform magical spells. Indeed, Objects can enhance the power of symbolism and give a different meaning to a person. REFERENCES http//www. ehow. com/about_4759212_magic-wand-stories. html http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Trident

Conflict Theory and Crime Essay

Time magazine reports an alarming study, where the United Stated is imprisoning more offenders (violent and unprovoking) in prisons and jails than any some other country in the world. It is useful to use conflict theory and structural functionalism to explain this practice and to break down the topic with these two schools to then drive building solutions to this crisis. The report d angiotensin-converting enzyme by the Pew Center urges states to stop the practice of place non-violent offenders behind bars. The report also points to the spending done on corrections, which outweighs spending done on education.From a conflict theory standpoint, many law and order type states demonize low-level offenders, such as medicate and alcohol users, and alienate them from society. These people are more likely to become caught in the system and commit low-level crimes (such as stealing to support a drug habit) to only re-enter jail or prison. Even though addiction is viewed as a disease, it is not treated as such, therein lies the structural functionalist perspective that the system of law is black and white.The system functions to exhibit to society what actions are allowable and which actions are criminal, from this perspective there are no nonviolent and violent offenders, only offenders. Both schools of thought are helpful in pointing out many of the interesting points in the article. According to the study, 1 in blow Ameri can buoys are in jails or prisons. Add to that number the disproportionate numbers of minorities incarcerated and from a conflict standpoint, one can see inequality in this number. unrivalled in thirty men ages 20-34 are behind bars while for African-American men, the number is 1 in 9. For women ages 35 to 39, 1 for every 355 flannel women are imprisoned while the figures for their African-American counterparts is 1 in 100. From the article, as well, it is shown that spending on schools is less than spending on corrections. From a conflict st andpoint, it can be presupposed that schools in more violent areas could serve to help children, who may be susceptible to criminal activity, but since these schools are in bad neighborhoods they suffer little help.Therefore, looking at poverty as inequality and the ignorance of education in lieu of incarceration spending is important, the study suggests. From a structural functionalist perspective, one can gather from reading the article, that many of the programs used today to get tough on crime, such as the three strikes law is putting more prisoners behind bars. From this perspective, one can see that the system of justice reacts to the public outcry for punishment for certain crimes and in turn react by enforcing stricter laws.The structure of law is something that stirs due to the differences in the social value system. When a value held by Americans is threatened, for example when an ex-offender is released and commits a heinous murder on re-entry to society, the laws chang e to reflect the feelings of discourse. The system therefore, has changed to reflect an increasingly punitive society and another interesting note in the article is that the United States remains one of the leaders in nations, in relation to capital punishment.The structure of justice reflects the American structure of punishment and incarceration while the value of treatment and mediation is intimately non-existent. In closing, the article US Incarceration Rate Hits young High is a look into the cost of conflict and the inadequate use of punishment in the system of justice. The sociological schools of conflict and structural functionalist theory are helpful in looking at these numbers in the current research to posterior apply it to ameliorating the problem, as many states are in a financial crisis with this problem.The Pew Center is urging the states, so burdened by lofty costs and high inmate population, to curtail the practice of incarcerating non-violent offenders. Hopefull y further sociological studies will help this process further. References Crary D. (February 28th, 2008). US Incarceration Rate Hits New High. in Time Magazine. Available online http//www. time. com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1718266,00. html. Last accessed February 28th, 2008.

Crude Distillation Unit

A REPORT ON CDU passion EXCHANGE & INTEGRATION BY Mudit 2010A1PS349P Amanpreet Singh 2010B4A1356P Rishu Gupta 2010A1PS401P AT IOCL REFINERY, GUWAHATI A Practice School-I station of BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI July, 2012 PREFACE We feel immense pleasure in presenting forwards you this final report on our PS-1 program IOCL Guwahati refinery. This report encompasses a comprehensive discussion of what we learnt on this program. The report sources with a brief introduction about the organization i. e. IOCL Guwahati refinery.We entertain kept discussion in this section brief to focus more on our Project raise up shift and consolidation in CDU . The principal(preno(prenominal)inal) report is divided into 4 sections. To start with, the foremost slit is a basic introduction to Crude distillation building block, its mental process and harvest-homes. lovingness exchange is among the most important activity for crying(a) distillation units. The 2nd part of t he report focuses on this horniness exchange process occurring in the unmannered distillation unit of Guwahati refinery. Necessary data regarding only the cacoethes exchangers has been provided in a tabular manner to make understanding easier.The concept of critical warmth exchanger is introduced subsequently in the 3rd section along with the case view of somewhat(a) important set off exchangers of the process. Heat duty &other calculations presented in this section for catch fire exchangers are clearly explained in foot timbre by step manner along with formulas utilise. Through these calculations we gestate tried to analyze whether these exchangers are working(a) effectually. In the Last part of the report we have given an introduction to heat consolidation one of the most important tool for increasing nothing efficacy of a process.Points discussed about heat integration in this section are Meaning, Importance, its need in CDU, Tools. We have concluded this part w ith an example of heat integration done in 2010 in pre-heat agree of CDU, showing how it serve uped saving vigour & increasing efficiency. A final conclusion and glossary are provided to sum up the report. We hope you have a right(a) time reading this report and find it informative and useful. Mudit, Amanpreet & Rishu Birla Institute of Technology & intuition Pilani 333031 2 ACKOWLEDGEMENTA comprehensive report always requires the good forget, cost increase, guidance and support of galore(postnominal) people so we would similar to start by thanking our college BITS pilani for initiating program same(p) ps-1 thereby giving us the opportunities to visit real time industries and learn by working on hand in organizations as big as IOCL. Our sincere thanks to Mr. B K Das, CPNM and Mr. P S Sonowal for assigning us this important project on heat integration in refinery and getting us in contact with the required person in each unit. Without their help this whole program would not have been come-at-able.We are indebted by the constant support and mentoring provided by Mr. Vijay Kumar, TS for the preparation of this report. Also, we take this opportunity to thank all the chief engineers, and workers we have met in antithetic units who have received us with open hearts and helped us in learning the vast array of intimacy that a refinery holds. Mr. E Edmund of CDU, Mr. A. Bairagi of OM&S are just the few of these names with whom we shared numerous informative talks which finally went into the preparation of this report. We also usher our deep sense of gratitude to IOCL administration for providing us with necessary data nd making our stay a pleasant one. Thanks to our families & friends for their constant support and encouragement byout the period of preparation of this report. It goes without saying that we are sincerely grateful to our instructor, Mr. Prasantha G for coordinating this ps-1 program and giving us opportunity to present before him this repo rt. Thank you all Birla Institute of Technology & information Pilani 333031 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS S zero(prenominal) Topic Page No. Preface credit List of Illustrations Abstract 2 3 5 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 Introduction IOCL Guwahati refinery Production Units of Guwahati refinery 6 7 8 9 2. 1Crude distillation Unit CDU Process Description 11 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 CDU Pre-heat consume (Heat exchange Process) Introduction racing shell & tube Heat exchanger Pre-heat organize Description 15 16 17 Heat money changer Performance Calculation Critical heat exchangers Performance outline Examples ? S-25A/B ? S-11C ? S-23A/B 22 23 23 25 27 Heat Integration Heat Integration Introduction Heat Integration in CDU ? Need for heat integration in CDU ? Heat integration in Guwahati Refinery ? Example from pre-heat train 30 32 32 32 33 Conclusions References Bibliography Glossary 35 36 37 38 4. 1 4. 2 5. 1 5. 2 Birla Institute of Technology & apprehensionPilani 333031 4 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATION N O. DESCRIPTION 1. 2. 1 1. 3. 1 IOCL Indian market share Table showing Production units 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 CDU flow diagram Table Showing CDU harvest-tide properties 3. 2. 1 3. 3. 1 3. 3. 2 Types of suppress pipe heat exchanger Pre-heat train flow diagram Table Showing cold section heat exchangers Table Showing middle section heat exchangers Table Showing intense section heat exchangers 3. 3. 3 3. 3. 4 4. 2. 1 4. 2. 3 4. 2. 4 4. 2. 6 4. 2. 7 4. 2. 7 5. 1. 1 5. 2. 1 5. 2. 2 Properties, intent data, Practical data of S-25A/B Properties, Design data, Practical data of S-11CProperties, Design data, Practical data of S-23A/B locomote of Heat Integration Heat integration in Pre-heat train S-11/c before & after heat integration Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 5 ABSTRACT Title of the Project CDU HEAT EXCHANGE & INTEGRATION Key Words Crude distillation, Heat exchange, Heat integration, CDU-Pre heat train Project Areas Heat exchange, Process conception & optimizat ion, Energy Abstract In this work is on Crude distillation unit in a refinery & discusses the heat exchange process in it and introduction of the concept of heat integration which is of wide importance in CDU.CDU is employ for bleak fractionation and requires a temperature of 354 oC. To increase the temperature of archaic 2 step process is used heat exchange with product streams & furnace. In the lawsuit & tube type heat exchangers of Guwahati refinery Low temperature unmannered exchanges heat with senior high temperature streams of SRGO, RCO etc. in 3 stages(cold , mid, hot). The performance of some of these heat exchangers have a major impact on production and are classified as Critical on the basis of different criteria like buy at fouling, Large surface area.Calculation of heat duty, LMTD of some of these heat exchangers(s/15, S/23a-b,s-24) is done using design & interoperable data to check whether they are working efficiently as compared to design. Heat integration is a n important concept to increase qualification efficiency of process through with(predicate) heat reclaimy. Tools like pinch outline are used in high energy demanding units like CDU to optimize the Heat money changer Network for supreme efficiency. Analysis of past heat integration done in Pre heat train of CDU is taken as an example for analysis. Signature(s) of Students(s) Date Signature of PS efficacy DateBirla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 6 1. 1 INTRODUCTION This Report is an analysis of the one of the most key elements of whatever approximate distillation unit i. e. Heat Exchange & Heat integration. The report is based on Work in CDU of Guwahati refinery. Crude distillation units are used for the fractionation of crude into more valuable products using their difference in boiling points. Increase in temp for distillation us achieved in 2 go first step is the heat exchange of crude with product streams at high temperatures. In the next step a furnace i s used to further elevate the temperature.Our main point of discussion in this report is the first step of heat exchange called the Pre-heat train. The pre-heat train consists of 3 sections Cold, Mid & hot. The purpose of each section is to recover heat from hot product stream of RCO, SRGO etc and supply it to crude through a shell-tube type heat exchanger. The details about various heat exchanger used in process are presented in the report. Performance of some heat exchanger is more critical on general heat exchange than others these heat exchangers are classified as Critical heat exchangers. Constant monitoring of efficiency of these heat exchangers needs to be done.As Example calculations like heat duty, LMTD is done in this report for some of these critical heat exchangers (S-11C, S-23A/B) to check their efficiency. Crude distillation is an energy intensive process. With increasing oil costs, the focus is to increase energy recovery. single way to do this is heat integration which is a technique to design a process to minimise energy consumption. Tools like pinch analysis are used for obtain an optimized heat exchanger mesh for heat integration in CDU. The retrofitting of the HEN in CDU is taken as case study in report to realize importance of heat integration.Meaning of all the key terms used in the report give notice be free-base in the Glossary. Necessary data used in the report has been obtained through manuals & officials of Guwahati refinery. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 7 1. 2 IOCL GUWAHATI REFINERY ? IOCL Indian anele Corporation control is largest state owned company in terms of revenue having Maharatna status. It is ranked 98th in the Fortune global 500 listing. Its biggest player in Indian downstream oil & Gas sector and operates10 of Indias 21 refineries with refining capacity of 65. 7 MMTPA.Major ones are Panipat, Mathura, Guwahati, Gujrat, Haldia etc. Its products are Petrol, Diesel, LPG (Indane), ATF, lubrica nts, Naphtha, Kerosene etc. (1. 2. 1) Sector (India) IOCL percentage crude oil products 49% Refining capacity 37% Downstream pipelines 67% ? Guwahati Refinery Guwahati refinery is the first public sector refinery of India commissioned in 1962. It had an initial capacity of 0. 75 MMTPA which was extended to 1 MMTPA in 1986. Guwahati Refinery receives the raw crude from Oil India Limited & has a product line to Siliguri. Final products of Guwahati Refinery are Motor spirit (MS), ATF, Kerosene, LPG, Diesels, Petroleum Coke Sulphur. Its an environmentally Conscious refinery with modern effluent treatment facilities, Stack gas monitoring, Products with strict environmental specifications like BS-3 & BS-4. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 8 1. 3 PRODUCTION UNITS ? Shown below in the fudge are the various production units of Guwahati refinery along with their use, feed & products(1. 3. 1) Unit Purpose Feed railroad siding CDU Separation of Crude into useful produc ts by distillation. Raw CrudeLPG , Naphtha, RCO, Kero-1 &2 DCU Thermal Cracking to obtain useful products from higher ends RCO CK, CGO, CFO, RFO and RPC HGU Production of hydrogen Light Naphtha (LN) total heat INDMAX FCC unit for maximizing LPG production from residual stocks. CFO, CK, RCO LPG & Gasoline Quality improvement of Diesel, ATF by removing sulphur. SRGO, KERO 1 &2 BS 3 Diesel, ATF, SKO HDT Improving Octane No. of MS by Hydrotreating & Isomerization LN Isomerate (MS) HDT off gases Elemental Sulphur _ _ Waste water Effluent free water MSQU Recovering Sulphur SRU OM ETP Crude & product storage, Pumping & blendingTreatment of desert water to move back oil and suspended solids Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 9 CRUDE DISTILLATION UNIT Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 10 2 CDU Process Description INTRODUCTION Crude distillation unit or CDU in short is first & most important unit for any refinery. Its called the Mother unit as its pro ducts forms the feed of other units. CDU receives its crude from OM (oil movement and supply section) where it is supplied by Oil India Ltd from upper Assam oil fields. Incoming crude has following properties (2. 1. 1) PropertyDensity at 15 oC Water content Salt content(ppm) Sulphur content(ppm) Value 0. 8735 2. 05% 8. 7 0. 29 CDU then stripes the crude into various products like kero1, kero2, reduced crude oil, LPG, heavy gasoline and light gasoline using the distillation principle of difference in boiling points. KEY FACTS ? ? ? Installed in 1962. Revamped and modernise in 1986 & 2000. Capacity of 1MMTPA but currently processing 1. 3 MMTPA Its an Atmospheric distillation unit (ATU) PROCESS DESCRIPTION A brief definition of the different processes taking place in CDU is given on next page (2. 1. 2) 1.Pre heating train before Desalter Crude is manage by pumps P1/1A at a pressure of 15 kg/cm2 through a series of heat exchangers where its temperature is rarified to 130o C. Crude i s gaining heat in these exchangers from pre fractionated overhead vapours(in s-26), RCO( in s-29), SR Kero1 etc. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 11 2. Desalter Demulsifier unifyed crude is fed at 130 o C to Desalter (v-101) where it is mixed with water through a mixing valve. The salt in crude dissolves in water and separated from the oil. Salt free crude on the other hand is pump to Pre-topping tower (CL-1) though 2 safety valves. 3.Pre-topping Column (CL-1) The average temperature of crude before ledger entry pretopping column is 238 oC (achieved through heat exchange). The purpose of this column is to remove the straight run (SR) light gasoline and LPG from overhead and reduce the load on the main fractionating column. Shown below is the Flow diagram of CDU(2. 1. 1) 4. Atmospheric furnace (C 1 A) the crude coming from CL-1 bottom at 246 oC is fed to furnace. Furnace is fired by fuel oil (FO), Fuel gas (FG) or a mix of both supplied by DCU. The crude coming out of the furnace has a temperature of around 354 oC and goes to the flash zone of main fractionators column. 5.Main Fractionators column (CL-2) Its the most important part of CDU. Cl-2 is where the actual distillation is taking place crude is separated into different products of different cut. Stripping stream enters at the bottom. The various subsystems of CL-1 are Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 12 a) Overhead system The overhead of the column of the water and the Straight rum Heavy Gasoline (SRHG) are separated. b) Stripper column A stripping column (CL-3) is attached to the main fractionating column . Its function is to strip apart (separate) kero1, kero 2 and straight run gas oil coming from main fractionating column. ) CL-2 Bottom Section The remaining crude oil called as the reduced crude oil (RCO) comes out of the bottom of CL-2. RCO forms the feed of DCU 6. Light Gasoline /Heavy Gasoline impact System Un-stabilized light gasoline from CDU pre-topin g column is stabilized in the stabilizer where LPG is recovered from it while heavy gasoline is split in the two naphtha partition to separate LN (Light Naphtha), RN (Reformer Naphtha) and HN (Heavy Naphtha). The table below shows properties of the Products formed in the CDU(2. 1. 2) LN TBP cut HN Kero 1 Kero 2 SRGO RCO 65-135 135-165 165-190 190-300 300-370 370+ 11. 27 4. 90 8. 16 12. 11 22. 16 9. 7 0. 731 0. 786 0. 806 0. 866 0. 866 0. 9542 range Yield (% of crude) Density Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 13 CDU PRE-HEAT TRAIN (HEAT EXCHANGE IN CDU) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 14 3. 1 INTRODUCTION As we have seen the temperature of the Crude oil needs to increase to 354 oC in CDU. This section is a discussion on how this is achieved. why Crude needs to be heated in CDU? The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures. Crude Distillation Unit is used to strip this crude into various products using the difference in their boiling points.Therefore for distillation to take place the temperature of the Crude has to be elevated to around 354 oC so that all the fractions of crude oil can vaporize and get separated. How Temperature of Crude is increased in CDU? The Temperature increase of Crude oil consists of 2 major steps 1. A 3 Stage Heat exchange (called CDU pre-heat train) of crude with product streams at high temperatures using shell & tube type heat exchangers. This step results in crude being supplied at 246 oC (elevated from ambient) to the next step The atmospheric Furnace. 2. The atmospheric furnace (C-1A) is then used to further elevate the temperature.Modes of heat transfer in furnace are both convective and radiative the crude coming out of the furnace has a temperature of around 354 oC and goes to the flash zone of main distillation column (CL-2). Furnace alone is not used because it would to too expensive and Energy consuming. By exchanging heat with products, the pre-heat train is serving twin purpose The Crude is being heated at the same the temperatures of product streams of SRGO, RCO, KERO is brought down which was needed for their storage. This heat would have otherwise been wasted. Our point of discussion in this report is the First step i. e. The Heat exchanger Network which we will now study in detail. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 15 3. 2 SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER The Pre heat train uses shell & tube type heat exchager for heat transfer. ? It consist of two main things as its name implies Shell & electron tubes ? The shell is a large vessel with a number of tubes in status it. ? The principle of operation Two fluids of different temperatures are brought into close contact but they are not mixing with each other. One fluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids.The temperature of the two fluids will tend to equalize. The heat is simply change from one fluid to the other and vice versa. No energy is added or removed. Common types of shell and tube exchangers Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 16 3. 3 PRE-HEAT TRAIN Description Our point of discussion in this report is first step of the 2 stages used for raising the temperature of crude i. e. the Heat exchanger meshing in which heat transfer occurs between crude and product streams of RCO, SRGO, and Kero 1. This network is also called the CDU pre-heat train.In this process the temperature of the crude is elevated form ambient conditions at which it is supplied from OM to 246oC. The heat needed for this is coming from the product streams which are at high temperatures. Dual purpose is served in this way heating of crude as well as the cooling of product streams (needed for their storage). The pre-heat train is divided into three sections on the basis of temperature of crude flowing through them 1. COLD section 2. MID section 3. st ifling Section Shown below is the flow diagram of the CDU pre heat train (3. 3. 1) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 17 1.Cold Section (before Desalter) The crude from battery limit is pumped by pumps P-1/1A at about 15. 8 Kg/cm2 through a preheat train where it is heated to a temperature of 130 ? C before entering the Desalter (V-101). The following table shows the shell side & tube side streams of all exchanger in this section along with their inlet-outlet temperatures (3. 3. 2)Exchanger go Shell Tube Total Surface area Heat employment Temperature shell tube I O I O S-26 Gasoline Crude 300 x 1 2. 11 107 90 40 65 S-29 RCO Crude 171 x 1 0. 47 116 100 54 60. 3 S-12A Crude Kero 2 148 x 1 0. 92 60. 3 72. 6 130 82 S-27A/B Crude SRGO 183 x 2 1. 39 72. 5 0. 3 173 85 S-7 Kero 2 Crude 93 x1 1. 48 199 130 90. 3 109 S-11A/B RCO Crude 134 x 3 1. 49 165 115 109 122 2. Mid Section (Between Desalter and pre-topping column) The crude from the Desalter is pumped by pump P-21 A /B and divided equally into 2 streams (Train A & B) for further heating before entering the Pre-topping column. P-21A/B? Train A S-24, S-9A, S-23A/B, S-9B/C, S-22 CL-1 Train B S-4A/B, S-12B, S-25A/B The crude in train A is preheated by hot-streams of SR Gas Oil (in S-24), RCO (in S-9A, S-23A/B), SR Gas Oil (in S-9B/C), RCO (in S-22) to about 236 ? C. While the crude in Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 18 train B is preheated by SR kero circulating Reflux (CR) (in S-4A/B, S-12B) and RCO (in S-25A/B) to about 240 ? C. Desalted crude from both Train A and Train B streams are combined before entering the pre-topping column. Mixed preheat temperature achievable is around 238 ? C at which it is fed to pre-topping Column. Below is the table showing heat exchangers of mid section (3. 3. 3) Exchanger Shell Service Tube Total area Surface Heat Duty Temperature oC Shell Tube I S-9A Desalted Crude RCO S-23A/B RCO S-9B/C SRGO S-22 RCO S-4A/B Desalted Crude Desalted Crude RCO S-24 S-12B S-25A/B O I O SRGO 0. 0 122 138 214 173 Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Kero CR 149 x 1 0. 61 184 195 138 152 148 x 2 1. 93 241 184 153 195 82 x 2 0. 54 272 214 195 218 149 x 1 0. 91 320 296 218 236 148 x 2 1. 67 122 161 190 164 Kero CR 148 x 2 1. 8 161 198 216 190 Desalted Crude 113. 15 x 2 2. 0 297 283 228 223 3. Hot Section (At CL-1 Bottom) The topped crude from CL-1 bottoms is pumped by pumps P-2/2A to exchangers S16/S-9D in series, where it is heated by SR Gas Oil circulatory reflux. It then passes to exchanger number S-11C and further to S-21 where it is heated by Reduced Crude Oil (RCO) to about 246?C. At this Temperature pre topped crude enters Atmospheric furnace (C-1A). The table on next page gives details about every heat exchanger in this section (3. 3. 4). Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 19 Exchanger Service Shell Total area Surface Heat Duty Tube Temperature oC Shell Tube I S-16/9D SRGO CR S-21 RCO S-11C RCO skim crude Skimmed crude Skimmed crude O I O 186 x 2 2. 16 291 250 197 257 175 x 1 0. 61 336 320 239 246 134 x 3 1. 49 336 320 239 246 Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 20 HEAT EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE CALCULATION Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 21 4. 1 CRITICAL HEAT EXCHANGER The critical heat exchangers are identified as the ones whose performance has a major impact on heat exchange rate, Production rate, product quality or environmental and health issues. Problem or inefficiency in any of the critical exchanger has a severe effect on overall heat exchange process occurring in the crude distillation unit. The engineers need to see that these exchangers are working efficiently for smooth running of the process (Though efficiency monitoring is important for every exchanger but the most attention has to be paid for Critical heat exchangers).Criteria for Classification 1. Fouling is accumulation of unwanted secular of heat exchanger surface is called fouling. Fouling is inevitable in heat exchanger but certain heat exchangers are more prone to fouling than others. These exchangers foul in short intervals and need to be cleaned frequently. Their regular maintenance is very necessary for the heat exchange process. E. g. is S-11/C in hot section is prone to frequent fouling. 2. Large surface area Some heat exchanger have a very large heat transfer area which means they have a large contribution in total heat exchange taking place.Their inefficiency or by-passing them would have a vital effect of final crude temperature. For example S-23 A/B in the mid section of heat exchanger trains. 3. Single heat exchanger in line If a heat exchanger is single heat exchanger in the line like the one used in circulating reflux then it cannot be halt or by-passed. For any maintenance work on them the whole unit has to shut down. Example is S16/9D. In next section the basic performance measurement calculations like heat, Duty, LMTD, Heat t ransfer coefficient is done for some of these critical heat exchangers. Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 22 4. 2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Examples This section analyzes the performances of some main heat exchangers of pre-heat train through calculation of simple performance measurement tools like Heat duty, LMTD & Heat transfer coefficient. The definitions & formulas for these tools can be found in glossary at the end of the report. 1) S-25 A/B ? Type Shell & tube ? Section Mid ? Properties Exchanger no. S-25A/B Service Shell No. of passes Shell Tube Tube RCO Desalted Crude 1 2 Total Surface area Heat Sq. M x no. of Duty element 113. 15 x 2 2. 0 (4. 2. 1) ? Design Data Shell 54554 55454 296 241 (I) (O) 49. (uncorrected) Total flow (Kg/h) Operating temperature (? C) LMTD (? C) Tube 77586 77586 197. 7 240. 5 (I) (O) 47. 1 (corrected) (4. 2. 2) ? Practical data sess flow rate (RCO) = 59187. 5 Kg/hr S-25A/B Service Temperature, C Shell Tube erect M Shell side I 297. 5 O 283. 7 Tube side I O 231. 9 245 Nov 11 Exchanger No. 263 253 198 RCO crude 203 (4. 2. 3) ? Calculations 1. Heat Duty (design) M*Cp*(Ti To) = 2002813. 7 Kcal/hr Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 23 2. Heat Duty (practical) 559336 Kcal/hr 3. chastisement federal agent for LMTD (practical) 1. 01 4. LMTD (practical) 52. 12 (uncorrected), 51. 7(corrected) ? Observation The practical heat transfer of 559336 Kcal/hr is much lower than the design heat duty of 2002813. 7 Kcal/hr. ? Conclusions 1. The exchanger is not working efficiently 2. Due to fouling the temperature difference across the crude side is low which is reducing the total heat exchange in the exchanger. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 24 2) S-11/C ? Type Shell & tube ? Section Hot ? Properties Its a critical heat exchanger because of the frequent fouling Service Exchanger no. Shell Tube S-11C RCO PreDesalter No. of passes Shell Tube 1 2 Total Surface area Sq. m x no. of lement 134 x 3 Heat Duty 1. 49 (4. 2. 4) ? Design data Shell Tube Total flow (Kg/h) 54554 55454 155171 Operating temperature (? C) 336 (I) 320 (O) 239 (I) LMTD (? C) _ 1551 71 246 (O) _ (4. 2. 5) ? Practical data Mass flow rate 59871. 5 Exchanger No. S-11C Service Shell Tube RCO Skimmed Crude Post M Nov 11 Temperature, C Shell side Tube side I O I O 327 315 257. 8 263 330. 2 275 231 255 (4. 2. 6) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 25 ? Calculations 1. Heat Duty (design) M*Cp*(Ti To) = 6295320 Kcal/hr 2. Heat Duty (practical) 597382. 7 Kcal/hr 3. Correction factor for LMTD(practical) = 0. 75 4. LMTD (practical) 82. 84 (uncorrected), 80. 79(corrected) ? Observations Heat transfer at present is 597382. 7 Kcal/hr which is satisfactory as compared to design heat transfer of 6295320. ? Conclusions The present performance of the heat exchanger is satisfactory as compared to design. This little variation in the design heat duty and practical heat duty is due to variation in value of Cp of RCO with temperature. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 26 3) S-23A/B ? Type Shell & Tube ? Section Mid (Train A) ? Properties It is an critical heat exchager becase of its large heat transfer areaService Total Surface area No. of passes Shell Tube Shell Tube (Sq. m x no. of element) RCO Desalted Crude 1 2 148 x 2 Heat Duty 1. 93 (4. 2. 7) ? Design Data Property Shell Tube Total Flow (Kg/h) Temperature (? C) I 54554 241. 0 O 54554 184. 0 I 77585 152. 70 O 77585 195. 0 particular(prenominal) Heat (Kcal/kg-? C) 0. 646 0. 597 0. 566 0. 617 LMTD (? C) 38. 21 35. 6 (4. 2. 8) ? Practical data Mass flow rate (RCO) = 59187. 5 Kg/hr Temperature C Service Shell RCO Tube crude Shell side Post M Nov 11 Tube side I 260. 2 O 230 I 145. 7 O 178. 8 253 230 142 160 (4. 2. 9) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 27 Calculations 1. Heat Duty (design) M*Cp*(Ti To) = 1932602. 7 Kcal/hr 2. Heat Duty (practical) 1161000. 7 Kcal/hr 3. Correction factor 4. LMTD (practical) (uncorrected), (corrected) ? Observations The practical heat transfer of 1161000. 7 Kcal/hr is much lower than the design heat duty of 1932602. 7. The value of LMTD on the other hand is actually higher in case of practical situation ? Conclusions The heat exchanger is not working efficiently. Due to fouling the temperature difference across the crude side is low which is reducing the total heat exchange in the exchanger even after having a high LMTD value.Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 28 HEAT INTEGRATION Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 29 4. 1 HEAT INTEGRATION Introduction In Todays process industries like Guwahati refinery increasing energy efficiency is of prime importance. With the rising costs of input like crude, power the process has to be designed to have maximum energy recovery so as to reduce the costs. Heat integration is one of the ways to achieve this. 1. MEANING Heat integration is technique for designing a proce ss to minimise energy consumption and maximise heat recovery.Its part of the broader term Process integration which is a holistic approach to process design which emphasizes the unity of the process and considers the interactions between different unit operations from the outset, rather than optimising them separately. 2. NEED FOR HEAT INTEGRATION Heat integration can lead to existent reduction in the energy requirements of a process thus saving costs. Its the answer to following questions ? Are the existing processes as energy efficient as they should be? ? What changes can be made to increase energy efficiency without incurring any costs? What is the most important utility mix for the process? What investments can be made to increase energy efficiency? ? How to put energy efficiency & other targets like emission reduction, increasing lay out capacity into one coherent strategic plan? 3. TOOLS FOR HEAT INTEGRATION ? Pinch Analysis The term pinch technology was introduced by Linnh off to represent a set of thermodynamics based tools that that guarantee minimum energy levels in design of heat exchanger networks. Pinch Technology provides a systematic methodology for energy saving in processes & total sites. Its prime objective is to provide energy saving by better process heat integration. Here are some of its key featuresBirla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 30 1. Based on the first and second law of thermodynamics. 2. Pinch analysis is applicable for both modern design as well as the retrofit systems. 3. It was developed for crude distillation systems but is now applicable to large number of process industries. 4. In addition to energy conservation Pinch technology provides general improvements 5. Some famous Pinch softwares are Pinch ExpressTM, Aspen PinchTM & SuperTargetTM ? Retrofit analysis Retrofit analysis is done to in old process processes to see what modifications suggested by pinch analysis are most suitable for the project.It look s into the optimization of the process through energy capital trade off. In oil refining, retrofit designs are far more common than grass root applications. The retrofit targets are preferably achieved by re-using existing equipment more efficiently rather than installing new equipments and incurring new costs. 4. STEPS IN HEAT INTEGRATION Shown below are the different steps of heat integration (5. 1. 1) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 31 5. 2 HEAT INTEGRATION IN CDU 1. IMPORTANCE OF HEAT INTEGRATION IN CDU Distillation is the largest single energy consumer in the Refinery.Large section of oil is spent in fuelling the CDU itself. It is energy intensive process as the temperature of the crude has to be elevated to a high temperature of 354 oC. This increase in temperature is achieved by exchanging heat in various heat exchangers between crude and streams of RCO, SR Gasoline, Kero 2 etc which are at high temperature. Heat integration focuses on achieving maximum energy recovery from these streams through an optimized HEN so that the crude can be supplied at highest possible temperature to the furnace, thus saving energy.A recent development in distillation technology has shown potential savings of up to 15-40 % through the heat? integrated exchanger network (pre-heat train) & distillation column. 2. HEAT INTEGRATION AT CDU GUWAHTI REFINEY What has been done? 1. The basis of heat integration in heat exchange process is putting process hot streams in thermal contact with process cold streams. We have already seen how product hot streams of RCO, SRGO etc at high temperature are used to exchange heat with the crude oil at low temperature. 2.Designing of an Optimized Heat Exchanger Network in pre-heat train using heat integration tools like pinch analysis & retrofit analysis in July 2010. This design allows maximum energy heat recovery. What can be done? 1. Using heat integrated distillation columns. HIDC can save energy by recovering excess hea t from the rectifying section for usage in the stripping section. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 32 2. perceive the interactions of HEN and distillation column and applying combined heat integration for whole unit.

Bussiness Proposal

Describe how the current market conditions impart affect the supplying or operating decisions involving the overlap. Market Structure The market structure in this instance could advert into hotshot of two types, oligopoly or monopoly (McConnell, Bruce, & Flynn, 2009). The rationale behind oligopoly is that several(prenominal) large retailers currently provide this service and control the availability, use, and other aspects of the programs (McConnell, Bruce, & Flynn, 2009). The rationale behind monopoly is that the program is limited to each organization (McConnell, Bruce, & Flynn, 2009).For example the program apply at my organization is call the Shop Your Way Rewards program, it is only available at Smart and Sears, it cannot be used at other retailers and is exclusively controlled by Sears Holding Inc. Ultimately The market structure is a combination of a monopoly and oligopoly. Price Elasticity of Demand Price elasticity of strike has little publication on this product as the product is a free program provided by the organization. Despite this fact price elasticity does have an effect on the use of the program in that the customers can earn points on corrupts and in turn spend those points on other researched.In this instance, as prices rise or fall inwardly the store the use of the product emergences or decreases as a result. If for instance a products price rises at the store level, the heel of points earned during purchases apply the product increases as well. Likewise as the prices increase it requires customers to have more points available to make purchases. Though the rewards card is a free program an increase in product prices would translate to an increase in demand for the rewards card.In looking at the determinants of price elasticity of demand, substitutability is first. The only way to substitute this product would be to shop at a competitor employ the rewards program there such as a Kroger Plus card. Another substitute would be t o use coupons instead of the card however enhance them. The next determinant is proportion of income, again this would tie into the selling price of products and how the rewards program would offset whatever increases in price therefore increasing the hail of funds available to purchase products.Next is the luxury versus necessity determinant, the rewards card applies to both and is neutral in this field of battle as it can be used for either luxuries or necessities. The last determinant is time, as more consumers become familiar with this product the demand will increase as the benefits are realized. Profit-Maximizing Quantity This program essentially gives the customer a percentage of his or her purchase price back in the song of points that can be redeemed during a transaction Just like cash.The program too generates coupons based on purchase levels and rank and file levels for superfluous dollars or percentages off purchases. Through data analysis, the company has determi ned that customers enrolled in the program average three additional shopping trips per onto than non-members, the data also reveals that members purchase on average $13 more per transaction than non-members. Points are earned one point at a time based on one percent of every $1 . An example of this would be a purchase of $100 would translate to gaining 10 points.Every 10 points equal one penny, 1,000 points equals $1, 10,000 points equals $10, and so forth. By increasing the frequency of customers return trips along with the average dollar amount of those purchases the company is essentially paying for the program by enrolling reinvigorated members. As membership increases so do sales and in turn profits. Price and Non-price Strategies Because the program is free, no price is placed upon the product. A non-price strategy is currently underway in which the benefits of membership are expressed by checkout operators during the customer checkout experience.The company has also set enr ollment and usage goals for each location within the company as well. Through the increase in verbal communication with every customer the company will realize the goals set and will be able to increase the goals as they are met. Production Costs The production be associated with this product are the production of plastic cards for consumers to carry for purposes of using the program and redeeming points. This has been reduced over the last year and a half of the programs existence by encouraging customers to use their mobile phone number to access the account.The company also has an internally produced website specific to the program that allows customers to update nurture and review purchases and current point amounts. This required only a wee outlay in web design as the hardware and software was already in place to support the aerogram. The company also is reducing costs on receipts as part of the program is to allow customers to receive electronic receipts via e-mail instead of printed paper receipts. The costs of the program also include the points issued to customers. These costs are offset by the increases in purchases.The following is a hypothetical cost break started the program by mass producing reference book card-sized plastic rewards cards along with multicolumn, trip-fold brochures. The companys initial investment was $1 million for the printing, distribution, and advertisement of this program. The initial program an for 12 months prior to the first cost reducing initiative. The program had recurring costs of $100,000 per month to continue production and distribution of materials. This initiative was to eliminate the plastic card and eliminate the need for informational brochures.This was accomplished through with(predicate) the use of customer phone numbers and email addresses as identifiers instead of physical cards. The next reduction was made through the implementation of a website where the information regarding the product could be ac cessed by customers. This resulted in a net reduction of costs by $75,000 per month. The costs associated with points accumulated and spent by customers is variable and changes month to month, the amount has been steadily increasing since the programs inception and will continue to do so.To curb expenses associated with this part of the program the suggestion is to limit the number of points that can be redeemed in any transaction as well as place an expiration date on accumulated points. This will prevent customers from saving up a large number of points and eroding profit margin. Current Global Economic Conditions and the Local Macro Economy The current global frugal conditions eave led to increases production costs of products sold by Smart and Sears as a result these increased costs have been passed on to consumers in the form of price increases on the products.The rewards program will offer consumers a way to offset these increased costs by earning rewards points that will al low them to reduce the score amount of their purchase. The program will also issue member-only coupons to these consumers which will further reduce his or her costs. By doing this the company will see an increase in brand loyalty and revenues. Recent economic trends in the United States include new growth in the housing market, as consumers arches homes and contractors build new homes the demand for products offered by both Smart and Sears will increase and as a result the demand for the rewards program will increase as well.The company is desire a 75% penetration rate across all avenues of the business, including brick and mortar stores and online outlets. Local Economies Current Stage in the Business Cycle The local sparing is currently in an expansion period as businesses are slowly starting to rebound from the recession. This is evident by the increase in home sales and the resulting increase in mortgage rates, along with the decrease in unemployment. As a result the demand f or the product will increase as pot begin to have more disposable income and seek out purchases for both luxury items, such as televisions and necessity items such as food.The product unequivocally will set Smart and Sears apart from the competition in fighting for this increase in disposable income by allowing customers to access a virtually unmeasurable amount of products through Internet shopping sites and affiliate marketplaces set up on those sites. The current market conditions for Smart and Sears are still in a period of struggle as individuals are still recovering from the recession. As individuals recover the company must fight to regain market share from new competitors such as Dollar General, Family Dollar, and Dollar Tree.These three companies capitalized on the recession by offering low price products that undercut many big knock retailers such as Smart, Target, and Wall-Mart. As the economy recovers it will be important for Smart and Sears to pursue actively the con sumers lost to these competitors and a way to do that is with the rewards program. destination The program provides a unique experience for customers as the points are redeemable on virtually any product carried either in tore or online.The program also generates sales and profit with a low amount of investment from the company. Customers will have generated roughly three to four times the amount of profit needed to cover the issuance of the points to each customer. Management should have a solid understanding of how effective and beneficial this program is and how the continued mastery of the program directly translates to the success of each business unit. Reference McConnell, C. R. , Bruce, S. L. , & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics. Unknown, NY McGraw-Hill Company.

Appalachian Culture and Health Awareness Essay

According to Kruger et al. (2012), the Appalachian region, consisting of 13 states along the east coast border, is a lofty risk area for cardiac, pulmonary, and cancer conditions related to smoking and coal mining. This rural population has ultimately higher rate of heart disease, stroke, COPD, asthma, lung cancer, and diabetes. Substantially higher range of smoking, as well as the relevance of coal mining, are two major contributors to the increased risk of morbidity and mortality amongst this large population (Kruger et al., 2012). skimpy education, poor behavior choices, and lack of adequate health finagle are major contributors to the overall unhealthy lifestyles of these individuals. Unfortunately, this begins at a young age. According to Short, Oza-Frank, and Conrey (2012), thither are major differences regarding preconception health awareness amongst Appalachian women as compared to non-Appalachian women. Appalachian women have higher rates of smoking, diabetes, and obesity than do non-Appalachian women.These women have poorer rates of prenatal care and higher rates of birthing and congenital complications, such as pulmonary hypertension, insufficient lung development, and cardiac abnormalities. Often due to lack of insurance, these mothers often lack appropriate health care and health awareness, thus increasing their childs risk of further cardiac and pulmonary conditions down the road. Unfortunately, these babies go up up in an environment that, as a population, has inadequate health care, low income, and poor health. This detrimental sequence of events is what has maintained the subpar health status of the Appalachian population (Short et al., 2012).As these children grow into their teens, poor behavioural choices further substantiate detrimental risk factors. A study by Pettigrew, Miller-Day, Krieger, and Hecht (2012), conducted research study of ancient and secondary health prevention in Appalachian adolescents. According to this study, this population has higher rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use as compared to non-Appalachian adolescents. These risky behaviors are so prevalent because of lifestyles these children have grown to know these behaviors are considered normal in many homes. As do their parents, many of these children lack insurance and health care (Pettigrew et al., 2012).Obesity and diabetes is also substantially high in the Appalachian population as compared to the rest of the nation as shown in a study by Wenrich, Brown, Wilson, and Lengerich (2012). The authors pinpoint Appalachia as a low-income group of individuals who receive poor nutrition, thus further contributing to the preexisting risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Poor health, along with behavioral risk factors, have ultimately led to detrimental health status. Yes, we love the STEELers, but steel mills and coal mining has only contributed to these health risks.The Appalachian culture is at risk for obvious reasons. Unfortunately, the se risk factors will not decline quickly. Primary prevention and health awareness programs would make a grand impact on this population. Low income is a struggle that will not be overcome easily. However, primary prevention and health awareness are often available at low cost and are highly efficient measures of decreasing risk factors by focusing on healthy lifestyles. Smoking accomplishment would obviously be of major importance, but compliance would be of great struggle (Kruger et al., 2012).ReferencesKruger, T., Howell, B., Haney, A., Davis, R., Fields, N., & Schoenberg, N. (2012).Perceptions of smoking cessation programs in rural Appalachia. AmericanJournal of wellness Behavior, 36(3), 373-84.Pettigrew, J., Miller-Day, M., Krieger, J., & Hecht, M. (2012). The rural content of illicitsubstance offers a study of Appalachian rural adolescents. Journal of AdolescentResearch, 27(4), 523-50.Short, V., Oza-Frank, R., & Conrey, E. (2012). Preconception Health Indicators A comparison amongst non-Appalachian and Appalachian women. Maternal & Child Health Journal,16(1), 238-49.Wenrich, T., Brown, J., Wilson, R., & Lengerich, E. (2012). Impact of a community-based intervention on serving and intake of vegetables among low-income, rural Appalachian families. Journal of Nutrition knowledge & Behavior, 44(1), 36-45.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-five

EddardPain is a gift from the gods, maestro Eddard, Grand Maester Pycelle t previous(a) him. It means the bone is knitting, the flesh improve itself. Be thankful.I testament be thankful when my leg stops throbbing.Pycelle set a stoppered flask on the t able by the bed. The draw of the poppy, for when the pain grows too onerous.I sleep too more than already.Sleep is the great healer.I had hoped that was you.Pycelle smiled wanly. It is good to see you in such a raspy humor, my lord. He leaned close and lowered his voice. T here(predicate) was a raven this morning, a letter for the queen from her lord father. I thought you had best know.Dark wings, sinister names, Ned said grimly. What of it?Lord Tywin is greatly wroth about the men you sent after Ser Gregor Clegane, the maester confided. I feared he would be. You will rec alone, I said as much in council.Let him be wroth, Ned said. Every time his leg throbbed, he remembered Jaime Lannisters smile, and Jory dead in his arms. Let him write exclusively in all the letters to the queen he likes. Lord Beric rides beneath the forces own banner. If Lord Tywin attempts to interfere with the kings justice, he will waste Robert to answer to. The just now thing His Grace enjoys more than hunting is make war on lords who defy him.Pycelle pulled back, his maesters chain jangling. As you say. I shall visit again on the morrow. The old man hurriedly gathered up his things and took his leave. Ned had minor doubt that he was bound straight for the royal apartments, to whisper at the queen. I thought you had best know, indeed . . . as if Cersei had non instructed him to pass along her fathers threats. He hoped his response rattled those perfect teeth of hers. Ned was not near as confident of Robert as he pretended, scarce there was no lawsuit Cersei need know that.When Pycelle was gone, Ned called for a cupful of honeyed wine. That clouded the mind as well, yet not as badly. He needed to be able to think. A thous and times, he asked himself what Jon Arryn might have done, had he lived long enough to act on what hed learned. Or perhaps he had acted, and died for it.It was queer how sometimes a childs innocent eyes can see things that grown men are blind to. Someday, when Sansa was grown, he would have to tell her how she had made it all progress clear for him. Hes not the least bit like that old drunken king, she had declared, angry and unknowing, and the simple justness of it had twisted inside him, cold as death. This was the stigma that killed Jon Arryn, Ned thought then, and it will kill Robert as well, a slower death notwithstanding full as certain. Shattered legs may heal in time, but some betrayals fester and poi tidings the soul.Littlefinger came calling an hour after the Grand Maester had left, clad in a plum-colored doublet with a mockingbird embroidered on the breast in black thread, and a striped cloak of black and white. I cannot visit long, my lord, he announced. Lady Tanda expects me to lunch with her. No doubt she will roast me a fatted calf. If its near as fatted as her daughter, Im like to rupture and die. And how is your leg?Inflamed and painful, with an itch that is driving me mad.Littlefinger lifted an eyebrow. In future, try not to let any horses fall on it. I would urge you to heal profligately. The domain grows restive. Varys has heard ominous whispers from the west. Freeriders and sellswords have been flocking to Casterly Rock, and not for the thin pleasure of Lord Tywins conversation.Is there word of the king? Ned demanded. Just how long does Robert intend to hunt?Given his preferences, I believe hed stay in the forest until you and the queen both die of old age, Lord Petyr replied with a faint smile. Lacking that, I imagine hell return as soon as hes killed something. They nominate the white hart, it seems . . . or rather, what remained of it. Some wolves found it first, and left His Grace hardly more than a hoof and a horn. Robert w as in a fury, until he heard talk of some monstrous boar deeper in the forest. Then nothing would do but he must have it. Prince Joffrey returned this morning, with the Royces, Ser Balon Swann, and some twenty others of the party. The rest are still with the king.The Hound? Ned asked, frowning. Of all the Lannister party, Sandor Clegane was the one who concerned him the most, now that Ser Jaime had fled the city to join his father.Oh, returned with Joffrey, and went straight to the queen. Littlefinger smiled. I would have given a hundred silver stags to have been a circle in the rushes when he learned that Lord Beric was off to be compass point his companion.Even a blind man could see the Hound loathed his brother.Ah, but Gregor was his to loathe, not yours to kill. at one time Dondarrion lops the summit off our Mountain, the Clegane lands and incomes will pass to Sandor, but I wouldnt hold my water waiting for his thanks, not that one. And now you must forgive me. Lady Tanda aw aits with her fatted calves.On the way to the door, Lord Petyr spied Grand Maester Malleons massive tome on the table and paused to idly flip open the cover. The Lineages and Histories of the Great Houses of the S tear down Kingdoms, With Descriptions of Many High Lords and Noble Ladies and Their Children, he read. Now there is tedious reading if ever I saw it. A sleeping potion, my lord?For a brief moment Ned considered telling him all of it, but there was something in Littlefingers japes that irked him. The man was too clever by half, a mocking smile never far from his lips. Jon Arryn was studying this volume when he was taken sick, Ned said in a careful tone, to see how he might respond.And he responded as he al institutionalize canal did with a quip. In that case, he said, death must have come as a blessed relief. Lord Petyr Baelish bowed and took his leave.Eddard Stark allowed himself a curse. Aside from his own retainers, there was scarcely a man in this city he trusted. Littl efinger had concealed Catelyn and helped Ned in his inquiries, yet his haste to save his own skin when Jaime and his swords had come out of the rainfall still rankled. Varys was worse. For all his protestations of loyalty, the eunuch knew too much and did too little. Grand Maester Pycelle seemed more Cerseis creature with every passing day, and Ser Barristan was an old man, and rigid. He would tell Ned to do his art.Time was perilously short. The king would return from his hunt soon, and honor would require Ned to go to him with all he had learned. Vayon Poole had arranged for Sansa and Arya to sail on the Wind enthral out of Braavos, three days hence. They would be back at Winterfell before the harvest. Ned could no longer use his concern for their safety to excuse his delay.Yet destination night he had dreamt of Rhaegars children. Lord Tywin had laid the bodies beneath the Iron Throne, wrapped in the crimson cloaks of his house guard. That was clever of him the blood did not s how so badly against the red cloth. The little princess had been barefoot, still dressed in her bed gown, and the boy . . . the boy . . .Ned could not let that happen again. The realm could not deem a second mad king, another dance of blood and vengeance. He must find some way to save the children.Robert could be merciful. Ser Barristan was scarcely the only man he had pardoned. Grand Maester Pycelle, Varys the Spider, Lord Balon Greyjoy each had been counted an enemy to Robert once, and each had been welcomed into friendship and allowed to retain honors and office for a pledge of fealty. So long as a man was brave and honest, Robert would treat him with all the honor and respect due a valiant enemy.This was something else poison in the dark, a knife poking to the soul. This he could never forgive, no more than he had forgiven Rhaegar. He will kill them all, Ned realized.And yet, he knew he could not keep silent. He had a duty to Robert, to the realm, to the shade of Jon Arryn . . . and to Bran, who surely must have stumbled on some part of the truth. Why else would they have tried to slay him?Late that afternoon he summoned Tomard, the stalwart guardsman with the ginger-colored whiskers his children called Fat Tom. With Jory dead and Alyn gone, Fat Tom had command of his household guard. The thought filled Ned with vague dis quieten. Tomard was a solid man affable, loyal, tireless, capable in a limited way, but he was near fifty, and even in his youth he had never been energetic. Perhaps Ned should not have been so quick to send off half his guard, and all his best swords among them.I shall require your help, Ned said when Tomard appeared, looking faintly apprehensive, as he always did when called before his lord. read me to the godswood.Is that wise, Lord Eddard? With your leg and all?Perhaps not. But necessary.Tomard summoned Varly. With one arm around each mans shoulders, Ned managed to descend the steep tower steps and hobble across the bailey. I wan t the guard doubled, he told Fat Tom. No one enters or leaves the Tower of the Hand without my leave.Tom blinked. Mlord, with Alyn and the others away, we are hard-pressed alreadyIt will only be a short while. Lengthen the watches.As you say, mlord, Tom answered. Might I ask whyBest not, Ned answered crisply.The godswood was empty, as it always was here in this citadel of the southron gods. Neds leg was screaming as they lowered him to the grass beside the heart tree. Thank you. He drew a paper from his sleeve, sealed with the sigil of his House. harmonic deliver this at once.Tomard looked at the name Ned had written on the paper and licked his lips anxiously. My lord . . . Do as I bid you, Tom, Ned said.How long he waited in the quiet of the godswood, he could not say. It was peaceful here. The thick walls shut out the clamor of the castle, and he could hear birds singing, the murmur of crickets, leaves rustling in a gentle wind. The heart tree was an oak, brownness and faceless, yet Ned Stark still felt the presence of his gods. His leg did not seem to hurt so much.She came to him at sunset, as the clouds reddened above the walls and towers. She came alone, as he had bid her. For once she was dressed simply, in leather boots and hunting greens. When she drew back the hood of her brown cloak, he saw the bruise where the king had struck her. The angry plum color had faded to yellow, and the swelling was down, but there was no mistaking it for anything but what it was.Why here? Cersei Lannister asked as she stood over him.So the gods can see.She sat beside him on the grass. Her every move was graceful. Her curling blond vibrissa moved in the wind, and her eyes were green as the leaves of summer. It had been a long time since Ned Stark had seen her beauty, but he saw it now. I know the truth Jon Arryn died for, he told her.Do you? The queen watched his face, wary as a cat. Is that why you called me here, Lord Stark? To pose me riddles? Or is it your intent to seize me, as your wife seized my brother?If you actually believed that, you would never have come. Ned touched her cheek gently. Has he done this before?Once or twice. She shied away from his hand. Never on the face before. Jaime would have killed him, even if it meant his own life. Cersei looked at him defiantly. My brother is worth a hundred of your friend.Your brother? Ned said. Or your lover?Both. She did not flinch from the truth. Since we were children together. And why not? The Targaryens wed brother to sister for three hundred years, to keep the bloodlines pure. And Jaime and I are more than brother and sister. We are one person in two bodies. We divided up a womb together. He came into this world holding my foot, our old maester said. When he is in me, I feel . . . whole. The ghost of a smile flitted over her lips.My son Bran . . . To her credit, Cersei did not look away. He saw us. You love your children, do you not?Robert had asked him the very same question, the mornin g of the melee. He gave her the same answer. With all my heart.No less do I love mine.Ned thought, If it came to that, the life of some child I did not know, against Robb and Sansa and Arya and Bran and Rickon, what would I do? Even more so, what would Catelyn do, if it were Jons life, against the children of her body? He did not know. He prayed he never would.All three are Jaimes, he said. It was not a question.Thank the gods.The seed is strong, Jon Arryn had cried on his deathbed, and so it was. All those bastards, all with hair as black as night. Grand Maester Malleon recorded the last mating between stag and lion, some ninety years ago, when Tya Lannister wed Gowen Baratheon, third son of the reigning lord. Their only issue, an unnamed boy described in Malleons tome as a large and lusty lad born with a full head of black hair, died in infancy. Thirty years before that a male Lannister had taken a Baratheon maid to wife. She had given him three daughters and a son, each black-hai red. No matter how far back Ned searched in the brittle yellowed pages, always he found the gold yielding before the coal.A dozen years, Ned said. How is it that you have had no children by the king?She lifted her head, defiant. Your Robert got me with child once, she said, her voice thick with contempt. My brother found a woman to cleanse me. He never knew. If truth be told, I can scarcely bear for him to touch me, and I have not let him inside me for years. I know other ways to pleasure him, when he leaves his whores long enough to stagger up to my bedchamber. Whatever we do, the king is usually so drunk that hes forgotten it all by the succeeding(a) morning.How could they have all been so blind? The truth was there in front of them all the time, written on the childrens faces. Ned felt sick. I remember Robert as he was the day he took the throne, every inch a king, he said quietly. A thousand other women might have loved him with all their hearts. What did he do to make you hate him so?Her eyes destroy, green fire in the dusk, like the lioness that was her sigil. The night of our wedding feast, the first time we shared a bed, he called me by your sisters name. He was on top of me, in me, stinking of wine, and he whispered Lyanna.Ned Stark thought of pale blue roses, and for a moment he wanted to weep. I do not know which of you I pity most.The queen seemed amused by that. Save your pity for yourself, Lord Stark. I want none of it.You know what I must do.Must? She put her hand on his good leg, just above the knee. A straightforward man does what he will, not what he must. Her fingers brushed lightly against his thigh, the gentlest of foretells. The realm needs a strong Hand. Joff will not come of age for years. No one wants war again, least of all me. Her hand touched his face, his hair. If friends can turn to enemies, enemies can become friends. Your wife is a thousand leagues away, and my brother has fled. Be kind to me, Ned. I swear to you, you shall never regret it.Did you make the same offer to Jon Arryn?She slapped him.I shall wear that as a badge of honor, Ned said dryly.Honor, she spat. How defy you play the noble lord with me What do you take me for? Youve a bastard of your own, Ive seen him. Who was the mother, I wonder? Some Dornish peasant you raped while her holdfast burned? A whore? Or was it the grieving sister, the Lady Ashara? She threw herself into the sea, Im told. Why was that? For the brother you slew, or the child you stole? Tell me, my honorable Lord Eddard, how are you any different from Robert, or me, or Jaime?For a start, said Ned, I do not kill children. You would do well to listen, my lady. I shall say this only once. When the king returns from his hunt, I intend to lay the truth before him. You must be gone by then. You and your children, all three, and not to Casterly Rock. If I were you, I should take ship for the Free Cities, or even farther, to the Summer Isles or the Port of Ibben. As far as the w inds blow.Exile, she said. A bitter cup to drink from.A sweeter cup than your father served Rhaegars children, Ned said, and kinder than you deserve. Your father and your brothers would do well to go with you. Lord Tywins gold will buy you comfort and hire swords to keep you safe. You shall need them. I promise you, no matter where you flee, Roberts wrath will follow you, to the back of beyond if need be.The queen stood. And what of my wrath, Lord Stark? she asked softly. Her eyes searched his face. You should have taken the realm for yourself. It was there for the taking. Jaime told me how you found him on the Iron Throne the day Kings Landing fell, and made him yield it up. That was your moment. All you needed to do was climb those steps, and sit. Such a sad mistake.I have made more mistakes than you can possibly imagine, Ned said, but that was not one of them.Oh, but it was, my lord, Cersei insisted. When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. There is no middle ground .She turned up her hood to hide her swollen face and left him there in the dark beneath the oak, amidst the quiet of the godswood, under a blue-black sky. The stars were coming out.

Philip Larkin’s Poetry Essay

In what ways does Larkins poetry show his attitude to closing? In Philip Larkins poetry there is a profound sense of unease about death. Larkin, throughout his poetry, evidently contemplates the inevitable shutting that is death. In his poetry Larkin uses great observational skills, noning and writing about e actuallyday percentage in cinematic detail. With death, though, Larkin has nonhing to observe. He netnot draw any precise conclusions about something that he has not directly experienced. I think, therefore, that Larkin shows a precaution of death through his poetry, exclusively to a fault a complex fascination with it.I intend to show Larkins attitude to death through a soma of his poems. In these poems Larkin certainly does show a fascination with death, but hopefully I will also show that Larkins attitude is not completely negative and that Larkin may compute that death can cast off a redeeming end.The first poem from my selection that I will use is Ambulances, a poem where even the title suggests relation to death. In Ambulances the emphasis is definitely adjustd upon death, the first linage actu completelyy hints upon Larkins attitude to death. He begins by circuitting a very sombre cypher within the readers mind, saying Closed like confessionals An near dooming phrase. The blatant image devoted by this maven lineage is dread. Most good deal dread going to confession and the thought of disclosing is secrets and sins can make it coverm even more daunting.Larkin actually had no love for religion, in fact it was quite the opposite, and the comparison made between ambulances and confessionals can actually be seen as an note-beginning on ambulances, showing that they be a front, concealing the inevitable. The comment upon the path that they take they thread tatty noons of cities may be used to represent death being everywhere, and like a thread it is twist into our lives. One may also see a religious reference within this phra se, showing that beau ideal who is supposedly with us always is now replaced with death looming over us. Even amongst the vibrancy and lively gloriole of the city, perhaps even a rush hour, death still looms.We see Larkins great observation he almost absorbs everything he sees, giving back None of the glances they absorb.Light glossy grey, arms on a boldness. Larkin sees as ambulances as representing death, which takes life, elevator carrying it off but neer returning it. He also shows not only his experience fascination with death, but also the fascination all spate aim. Whenever deal see the ambulance they immediately stare.The imagery of death as Light glossy grey, arms on a plaque and They come to rest on any kerb creates an impression upon the reader making them look at their proclaim mortality and they realise that death is the one uprightness we all must encounter Larkin is bleakly honest when he says each streets in time are visited This clearly shows that dea th is also commonality in all places and paints a picture for the reader to understand.Then children strewn on steps or road, Or women coming from the shops Past tints of different dinners Larkin takes everyday chores experiences and relates them to death, showing how commonplace death is. The image of children being strewn reflects the due south of death. An image is evoked from the reader of bodies scattered and strewn after death has finally reached them. Even the youthful cannot pretermit death, children are susceptible. see A wild white face that overtops Red stretcher blankets importationly As it is carried and stowed The use of enjambment rushes the reader through the lines and ives a sense of panic at the eyeshot of this soulfulness being taken away. The use of the word stowed shows that the body is just like an object being stowed away, an trivial thing.Larkin then describes death as the solving emptiness. Life is seen as having such a meaningless nature and that de ath is there and lies just under all we do. Death constantly threatens us in everything we do. This shows the fragility of human life.And for a second get it whole, So permanent and blank and true. This truth is inescapable, the repetition of and drags out this whole meaning. Theutter truth is that death is forever, like the ambulances, we do not return. Larkin shows that people think of death, but when they see the truth that death holds it frightens them and they place it in the back of their minds. This is shown when he says The level(p) doors recede These fastened doors are the doors of the mind closed to what they dont want to spot, what they cannot possibly comprehend.As the body was stowed the people whisper poor thing but at their own distress . These people do know that all streets in time are visited, including their own. When anything bad occurs, one naturally reacts by comparing the situation to ones own life. We are sympathetic but naturally selfish. We all see death , including Larkin, as an image of a ..sudden shut of loss Round something nearly at an end The shut of the ambulance doors represents death closing in around life that is nearly at an end Larkins language when he describes death as something gives it anonymity life no longer has a blood line of meaning because Larkin sees death to be a stronger power which overpowers life. Death removes the uniqueness and identity of life everyone comes to the equal end.And what cohered in it across The years, the unique random blend Of families and fashions there At least begin to loosen. Larkin could be referring to the mix of genes we have inherited over the years and that death can loosen this blend. This also shows that we are unreachable by anything but death.The traffic parts to let go by This shows the traditional detect for the sick and the dead. This respect has been built up through the fear of death. I know that this is true to me, in soul and obviously to Larkin also.Larkin ends wi th a very daunting cadence Brings closer what is left to come, And dulls to distance all we are. This cadence, to me, seems very dramatic. It brings into perspective the whole theme of mortality. Larkin makes us think of how fragile and short life is.Larkin must in reality fear his own mortality. I suppose everyone fears death toa certain extent, but not some(prenominal) people would care to, or even dare to contemplate what happens after death in as oft detail as Philip Larkin. These thoughts must frighten him and anything to do with death and mortality must frighten him. Another poem, that is not only relevant to the question, but is also on the same theme as Ambulances is called The Building, the building being a hospital. Larkin describes the hospital as Higher than the handsomest hotel I think that this line is misleading and somewhat ironic, it is preposterously attractive.It paints an almost positive picture of a hospital, but I rule that Larkin resents the height of i t, after all, the bigger the building the larger the capacity it can hold. The building is Like a great sigh out of the last century. So this building is obviously a modern construction, a quite incongruous and disturbing building in its nineteenth century context. Larkins tone then changes to fear what keep drawing up At the entrance are not taxis and in the hall As well as creepers hangs a frightening smell. Larkin makes a reference to ambulances here also. He refers to them drawing up extraneous and the smell in the halls being frightening. He almost persomifies the smell by saying it hangs over them as if it were ready to pounce on any victim.He describes the waiting area and how the peoples faces are restless and resigned He obviously sees this as an area of tautness evoking nervous reactions from those who await. He describes them as humans, caught On ground curiously neutral, homes and names Suddenly in abeyance. He is saying that in this building everyone is in the same bo at. They are all Here to confess the something has by away wrong. This is similar to the idea of the confessionals in Ambulances. As I have verbalize, this idea strikes unremitting fear. Each person is waiting to tell of how something has gone wrong with their bodies. Death is slowly violating them.It must have been an error of a serious sort, For see how many floors it needs He is amazed by the size of the building, or perhaps even scared by the size of the need for this building. After all men like to begrudge wealth but the need for this place is so great that the expense is necessary.and how much money goes in trying to correct it As a man is wheeledpast in old defend clothes the people all turn quiet, another aspect of death that was also shown in Ambulances. The people fear their mortality when they see death creep up on others. Larkin also relates to us how detain he feels in the hospital and how distant the remote seems.Far past these doors are rooms, and rooms past th ose And more rooms yet, each one further off And harder to return from The distance between the outside and the rooms within the hospital seems greater than any physical distance, the freedom of the outside out to the car park, free seems to be slipping away like time, into the past, like a cherished memory outside seems old enough.His desperation for this freedom is so immense that he even plots, in his mind, the course he took to the hospital. He states that we are lulled into a false sense of security and fears that he may never get out.a touching dream to which we are lulled But wake from separately We are lulled into this false sense of security, this dream that we wake from separately, isolated and alone. He seems to pity those who, without realizing it, may have to hobble for a longer period than they think, they join the unseen congregationsOld, young crude facts of the only coin this place accepts The only way of being accommodated here is to be sick. His attitude of inev itable death is shown over again All know they are going to die Not yet, perhaps not here, but in the end, And someplace like this. He then goes on to describe life as a cliff we move up towards death and how death cannot be overcome. We may try to lighten the dark by bringing gifts, but they are merely wasteful gestures because death is so inevitable and final.Larkins attitude to death, here, sees it as entirely negative, we also see this fascinate in his poem The Explosion, where Larkin takes the form of a third person, describing an accident which claims the lives of several miners in a rural community. Here, Larkin takes the role of a narrator and in this poem his view of death is more sanguine than it is in other poems. He does not express thoughts and feelings as much and I feel this shows how impersonal death really is. The poem has three distinct sections before the explosion, the moment of the explosion and its aftermath. The first linearouses a feeling of expectatio n On the day of the explosion We know that from the beginning of this poem that the explosion, and therefore death, is imminent. There is also a hint of Kinship that Larkin may have held for the men in the pits.He makes the men seem real by talking about Fathers, brothers, nicknames, joke which makes the reader feel the humanity of the men and therefore sympathise with them. These men were ordinary people with their own fears, even a fear of death. Even though these characters were killed in the explosion Larkin has tinged the ending of the poem with hope, because for an instant the love between the dead and their loved ones was so strong that it overcame death itself, allowing the loved one to see each other one last time.Wives saw men of the explosion Larkin strangely endorses the idea of an time to come even though he was an atheist. The Explosion ends on an optimistic note. The final line tells us of how one of the dead miners shows The eggs unbroken. These eggs are a symbol t elling us not to lose hope, for even though we may die, nature and life will always carry on. It is set apart from the rest of the poem and can therefore be seen as a climax.So far, 1 have looked at Larkins dread, fear, curiosity and overall negative reaction to death. I think it is assertable that Larkin may have also found a somewhat positive and redeeming aspect of death in his poem An Arundel Tomb. This poem tells of a dead earl and his wife the countess who were buried together in a tomb. Their tomb has become, through time, a tourist attraction because of the great likenesses formed from stone of their bodies. Larkin, again with his keen observational eye, looks upon statues and is shocked to find proof of hope and positivity.It meets his left hand gauntlet, still Clasped empty in the other,. and One sees, with a sharp tender shock, His hand withdrawn holding her hand. This chivalrous sight surprisingly hits a tender chord with Larkin, this is surprising due to his predomina ntly pessimistic views. Larkin also realises that the multiplication of chivalry, knighthood and love are gone. Their love in this time has almost been changed to an untruth, yet is still has prevailed and lasted through time.Larkin looks at these deaths positively because he says, and to prove our Almost instinct, almost true What will survive of us is love. Larkin takes easiness in this as it reconciles and contrasts to his view that nothing exists after death. He previously described death as, An undated meaningless. Through looking at these poems, I found that throughout Larkins life, he tried and true and tried to find out what death was and what lay beyond it. Most of the time, we find that Larkin had a genuine fear of death, and he could not possibly surmise what lay beyond it. This could be due to his lack of assent and spirituality.For this reason I chose An Arundel Tomb, so as to show that Larkin expressed some hope in death, love was the redeeming feature. Larkin dis covered something in those statues that did go beyond death, and this is why he expressed it so beautifully in his last line What will survive of us is love. Larkins poetry almost paths a journey he took through his life in discovering the truth about death. John Carey said that Fear of death runs through the poems, and may seem irreconcilable with Larkins poised realism. I have found that Larkins poetry is indeed interwoven with death throughout. This may be the case, but I also believe that Larkin found something redeeming in An Arundel Tomb and that all of his works referring to death, were steps towards his own reconciliation with death.